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<title>Launch Processing System</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Launch Processing System</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Launch Processing System</b> (LPS) is an automated, computer-controlled system at the <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) which oversees and coordinates the processing and checkout of systems and components for the <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> launch vehicle and its payloads.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPS automatically performs tests on much of the vehicle components as they are being readied for launch, and alerts operators if any anomalies are detected.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPS also manages the launch <a href="Countdown#Rocketry" title="Countdown">countdown</a> events, culminating in a successful launch.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<p>Early in the design of the Space Shuttle program, the expected launch rate was 12 flights per year.<sup id="cite_ref-COF1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COF1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPS was designed to oversee and manage the parallel processing of multiple orbiters and their subsystems in order to meet this launch schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPS tracks and manages all components of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle from the time the individual components arrive at KSC, through checkout, integration, testing, installation, and finally culminating in a launch.

</p><p>Any time a component is functioning, <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> within the component <a href="Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">relay data</a> on its performance back to the LPS, which checks these results against the expected normal conditions. If the result is unsatisfactory, the LPS then alerts an operator and provides data as to the nature of the component's performance, so that any fault may be isolated and resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because the LPS monitors thousands of individual parameters on the Shuttle and support equipment, the number of personnel required in the firing room is less than half of the 450 engineers required for an <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> launch.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<p>The LPS is composed of three major subsystems: the Checkout, Control and Monitor Subsystem (CCMS), the Central Data Subsystem (CDS), and the Record and Playback Subsystem (RPS).<sup id="cite_ref-LPS1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checkout,_Control_and_Monitor_Subsystem">Checkout, Control and Monitor Subsystem</h3></div>

<p>The Checkout, Control and Monitor Subsystem (CCMS) controls the actual processing and launch of the Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subsystem consists of the staffed consoles in the firing room, as well as <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>, and data transmission and recording systems, which monitor the pre-launch performance of all electrical and mechanical systems on board the Shuttle vehicle. The various systems being monitored are managed from operator-controlled consoles, which are clustered together based on the type of systems.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPS master console in the firing room links the CCMS with the other subsystems of the LPS.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Data_Subsystem">Central Data Subsystem</h3></div>

<p>The Central Data Subsystem (CDS) consists of a cluster of high-end minicomputers which store vital data such as vehicle test and performance data, test procedures, historical data, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two primary interfaces into the CDS. The first is a <a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> interface with the CCMS. The second is a video simulation interface which allows testing of firing room systems without the need to have a vehicle present.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The CDS originally consisted of two <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>. It was upgraded in 1999 to its current <a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clustered</a> state, and was renamed the Shuttle Data Center (SDC)<sup id="cite_ref-LPS1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The CDS/SDC is located on the second floor of the <a href="Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record_and_Playback_Subsystem">Record and Playback Subsystem</h3></div>

<p>The Record and Playback Subsystem (RPS), as the name implies, records unprocessed data from various sources during testing and countdown. This can be played back at a later time for analysis. The RPS consists of tape recorders, <a href="Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> equipment, and computers to perform analysis and data reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924185515/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/lps.html">"KSC's Automated Launch Processing System"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/lps.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-LPS2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LPS2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPS2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018185046/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-lcc.html">"Launch Control Center"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-lcc.html">the original</a> on October 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-COF1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COF1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/space/Space%20Shuttle%20history.htm">"Space Shuttle History"</a>. Century of Flight<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-LPS3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LPS3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPS3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPS3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsover-prep.html#stsover-lps">"Mission preparation and prelaunch operations"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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